Breit Lab

Signaling and pharmacodynamics of G Protein-coupled receptors involved in the central regulation of appetite and energy metabolism

Head of Lab

Dr. rer. nat. Andreas Breit

Responsibilities

Project leader for genetic engineering work (S1, Goethestrasse 33)

Occupational safety officer (Goethestrasse 33)

Narcotics officer (Goethestrasse 33)

Radiation protection officer

Open positions

We appreciate at any time applications via email for internships, bachelor or master thesis. Open positions for PhD students will be posted here and on the official LMU website.

Research

Signaling by transmembrane receptors: biological functions and toxic actions

Born in 1971 in Mannheim, I grow up in Ludwigshafen am Rhein where I also finished high school. In 1991, I started to study Biology at the Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz and in 2000, I obtained my PhD. In the following, I got the great opportunity, to work for almost 4 years as a post-doc in the lab of Prof. Michel Bouvier at the Université de Montréal au Canada. In this time a received an excellent education in pharmacology and cell signaling and, I had the chance to work on the hetero-oligomerization of G protein-coupled receptors and with the BRET (bioluminescence resonance energy transfer) technique, which allows to monitor protein-protein-interactions in living cells.

Selected publications from my time in Canada

  • Breit A, Gagnidze K, Devi LA, Lagacé M, Bouvier M. Simultaneous activation of the δ opioid receptor (δOR)/sensory neuron-specific receptor-4 (SNSR-4) hetero-oligomer by the mixed bivalent agonist bovine adrenal medulla peptide 22 activates SNSR-4 but inhibits δOR signaling. Mol Pharmacol. 2006 Aug; 70 (2): 686-96.
  • Galés C, Rebois RV, Hogue M, Trieu P, Breit A, Hébert TE, Bouvier M. Real-time monitoring of receptor and G-protein interactions in living cells. Nat Methods. 2005 Mar; 2 (3): 177-84
  • Breit A, Lagacé M, Bouvier M. Hetero-oligomerization between beta2- and beta3-adrenergic receptors generates a beta-adrenergic signaling unit with distinct functional properties. J Biol Chem. 2004 Jul 2; 279 (27): 28756-65
  • Mercier JF, Salahpour A, Angers S, Breit A, Bouvier M. Quantitative assessment of beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic receptor homo- and heterodimerization by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer. J Biol Chem. 2002 Nov 22; 277 (47): 44925-31.

Since my time with Prof. Thomas Gudermann, first in Marburg and now at the Walther-Straub-Institute of the LMU in Munich, the focus of my work was the analysis of molecular mechanisms regulating the activity of transmembrane receptors and the discovery of new signaling pathways induced by transmembrane receptors. We are interested in G protein-coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases and serine/threonine kinase receptors as well as in ion channels of the TRP-Family. First, we focused on transmembrane receptor-induced signaling in the context of central appetite regulation in the hypothalamus and of pain signaling in cell models of dorsal root ganglia.

Publications appetite and pain regulation

  • Webert L, Faro D, Zeitlmayr S, Gudermann T, Breit A. Analysis of the Glucose-Dependent Transcriptome in Murine Hypothalamic Cells. Cells. 2022 Feb 11; 11 ( 4): 639.
  • Faro D, Boekhoff I, Gudermann T, Breit A. Physiological temperature changes fine-tune β2-adrenergic receptor-induced cytosolic cAMP accumulation. Mol Pharmacol. 2021 Sep; 100 (3): 203-216.
  • Breit A, Miek L, Schredelseker J, Geibel M, Merrow M, Gudermann T.Insulin-like growth factor-1 acts as a zeitgeber on hypothalamic circadian clock gene expression via glycogen synthase kinase-3β signaling. J Biol Chem. 2018 Nov 2; 293 (44): 17278-17290.
  • Glas E, Mückter H, Gudermann T, Breit A. Exchange factors directly activated by cAMP mediate melanocortin 4 receptor-induced gene expression. Sci Rep. 2016 Sep 9; 6: 32776.
  • Lauffer L, Glas E, Gudermann T, Breit A. Endogenous 5-HT2C Receptors Phosphorylate the cAMP Response Element Binding Protein via Protein Kinase C-Promoted Activation of Extracellular-Regulated Kinases-1/2 in Hypothalamic mHypoA-2/10 Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2016 Jul; 358 (1): 39-49.
  • Breit A, Wicht K, Boekhoff I, Glas E, Lauffer L, Mückter H, Gudermann T. Glucose Enhances Basal or Melanocortin-Induced cAMP-Response Element Activity in Hypothalamic Cells. Mol Endocrinol. 2016 Jul; 30 (7): 748-62.
  • Breit A, Besik V, Solinski HJ, Muehlich S, Glas E, Yarwood SJ, Gudermann T. Serine-727 Phosphorylation Activates Hypothalamic STAT-3 Independently From Tyrosine-705 Phosphorylation. Mol Endocrinol. 2015 Mar; 29 (3): 445-59.
  • Solinski HJ, Gudermann T, Breit A. Pharmacology and Signaling of MAS-related G Protein-coupled Receptors Pharmacol Rev. 2014 Jul; 66 (3): 570-597. Review.
  • Solinski HJ, Petermann F, Rothe K, Boekhoff I, Gudermann T, Breit A.Human Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors-X1 induce chemokine receptor 2 expression in rat dorsal root ganglia neurons and release of chemokine ligand 2 from the human LAD-2 mast cell line. PLoS One. 2013; 8 (3): e58756.
  • Solinski HJ, Zierler S, Gudermann T, Breit A. Human sensory neuron-specific Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors-X1 sensitize and directly activate transient receptor potential cation channel V1 via distinct signaling pathways. J Biol Chem. 2012 Nov 30; 287 (49): 40956-71.
  • Rothe K, Solinski HJ, Boekhoff I, Gudermann T, Breit A. Morphine activates the E twenty six-like transcription factor-1/serum response factor pathway via extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 in F11 cells derived from dorsal root ganglia neurons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2012 Jul; 342 (1): 41-52.
  • Damm E, Buech TR, Gudermann T, Breit A. Melanocortin-induced PKA activation inhibits AMPK activity via ERK-1/2 and LKB-1 in hypothalamic GT1-7 cells. Mol Endocrinol. 2012 Apr; 26 (4): 643-54.
  • Breit A, Büch TR, Boekhoff I, Solinski HJ, Damm E, Gudermann T. Alternative G protein coupling and biased agonism: new insights into melanocortin-4 receptor signalling. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2011 Jan 15; 331(2): 232-40. Review.
  • Solinski HJ, Boekhoff I, Bouvier M, Gudermann T, Breit A. Sensory neuron-specific MAS-related gene-X1 receptors resist agonist-promoted endocytosis. Mol Pharmacol. 2010 Aug; 78 (2): 249-59.
  • Büch TR, Heling D, Damm E, Gudermann T, Breit A. Pertussis toxin-sensitive signaling of melanocortin-4 receptors in hypothalamic GT1-7 cells defines agouti-related protein as a biased agonist. J Biol Chem. 2009 Sep 25; 284 (39): 26411-20.
  • Breit A, Wolff K, Kalwa H, Jarry H, Büch T, Gudermann T. The natural inverse agonist agouti-related protein induces arrestin-mediated endocytosis of melanocortin-3 and -4 receptors. J Biol Chem. 2006 Dec 8; 281 (49): 37447-56.

Later, we directed our attention towards lung toxicology and cancer. Further, we established and evaluated a method that allows to culture and intoxicate lung cells at the air-liquid-interface with dusts.

Selected publications „lung“

  • Zeitlmayr S, Zierler S, Staab-Weijnitz C, Dietrich A, Geiger F, Horgen D, Gudermann T and Breit A. TRPM7 restrains plasmin activity and promotes transforming growth factor-β1 signaling in primary human lung fibroblasts. Arch Toxicol. 2022 Oct; 96 (10): 2767-2783.
  • Tsoutsoulopoulos A, Gohlsch K, Möhle N, Breit A, Hoffmann S, Krischenowski O, Mückter H, Gudermann T, Thiermann H, Aufderheide M, Steinritz D. Assessment of the Acute Inhalation Toxicity of Airborne Particles by Exposing Cultivated Human Lung Cells at the Air-Liquid Interface. J Vis Exp. 2020 Feb 23; (156).
  • Gohlsch K, Mückter H, Steinritz D, Aufderheide M, Hoffmann S, Gudermann T, Breit A. Exposure of 19 substances to lung A549 cells at the air liquid interface or under submerged conditions reveals high correlation between cytotoxicity in vitro and CLP classifications for acute lung toxicity. Toxicol Lett. 2019 Nov; 316: 119-126.
  • Tsoutsoulopoulos A, Gohlsch K, Möhle N, Breit A, Hoffmann S, Krischenowski O, Mückter H, Gudermann T, Thiermann H, Aufderheide M, Steinritz D. Validation of the CULTEX® Radial Flow System for the assessment of the acute inhalation toxicity of airborne particles. Toxicol In Vitro. 2019 Aug; 58: 245-255.

In the presence and in the upcoming years, we will focus on the toxic effects of highly potent opioids. Fentanyl and its derivatives activate opioid receptors in the spinal cord and brain. When responsibly used under educated supervision, highly potent opioids are valuable drugs for pain management. On account of their strong actions at ultra-low concentrations, however, misuse leads very quickly to addiction and very often to death. In fact, fentanyls are 5,000 up-to 100,000 times deadlier than morphine or heroin.

Fatal amount of heroin compared to fentanyl

Deadly amount of heroin versus fentanyl

Consequently, fentanyl has passed heroin as the most dangerous and deadliest drug in the USA and unfortunately gains more and more importance in Europe and Germany.

Graphic shows the time course of deaths from opioids in the USA

Drug crisis

Of note, the molecular and cellular aspects of the highly potent in vivo actions of fentanyls are not yet understood. Hence, we are currently performing a detailed but also very broad analysis of the pharmacodynamics and cell signaling properties of various highly potent opioids, with the goal to improve the current therapy or to find new therapeutic approaches.

Head of Breit Lab

Dr. rer. nat. Andreas Breit

Principal Investigator

Members of Breit Lab

Complete List of publications

1) Khajavi N, Beck A, Riçku K, Beyerle P, Jacob K, Syamsul SF, Belkacemi A, Reinach PS, Schreier PC, Salah H, Popp T, Novikoff A, Breit A, Chubanov V, Müller TD, Zierler S, Gudermann T. TRPM7 kinase is required for insulin production and compensatory islet responses during obesity. JCI Insight. 2023 Feb 8;8(3):e163397.

2) Geiger F, Zeitlmayr S, Staab-Weijnitz CA, Rajan S, Breit A, Gudermann T, Dietrich A. An Inhibitory Function of TRPA1 Channels in TGF-β1-driven Fibroblast-to-Myofibroblast Differentiation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2023 Mar;68(3):314-325

3) Zeitlmayr S, Zierler S, Staab-Weijnitz C, Dietrich A, Geiger F, Horgen D, Gudermann T and Breit A. TRPM7 restrains plasmin activity and promotes transforming growth factor-β1 signaling in primary human lung fibroblasts. Arch Toxicol. 2022 Oct;96(10):2767-2783. doi: 10.1007/s00204-022-03342-x

4) Webert L, Faro D, Zeitlmayr S, Gudermann T, Breit A. Analysis of the Glucose-Dependent Transcriptome in Murine Hypothalamic Cells. Cells. 2022 Feb 11;11(4):639. doi: 10.3390/cells11040639.

5) Faro D, Boekhoff I, Gudermann T, Breit A. Physiological temperature changes fine-tune β2-adrenergic receptor-induced cytosolic cAMP accumulation. Mol Pharmacol. 2021 Sep;100(3):203-216.doi: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000309. Epub 2021 Jun 22.

6) Breit A, Gudermann T. Serotonin receptor HTR4 as a counter actor of lipid-induced increases of serum glucagon-like peptide-1 levels. Pflugers Arch. 2020 Oct; 472(10):1433-1434. doi: 10.1007/s00424-020-02454-6. Epub 2020 Aug 22.

7) Arlt E, Fraticelli M, Tsvilovskyy V, Nadolni W, Breit A, O'Neill TJ, Resenberger S, Wennemuth G, Wahl-Schott C, Biel M, Grimm C, Freichel M, Gudermann T, Klugbauer N, Boekhoff I, Zierler S. TPC1 deficiency or blockade augments systemic anaphylaxis and mast cell activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 Jul 28;117(30):18068-18078. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1920122117.

8) Tsoutsoulopoulos A, Gohlsch K, Möhle N, Breit A, Hoffmann S, Krischenowski O, Mückter H, Gudermann T, Thiermann H, Aufderheide M, Steinritz D. Assessment of the Acute Inhalation Toxicity of Airborne Particles by Exposing Cultivated Human Lung Cells at the Air-Liquid Interface. J Vis Exp. 2020 Feb 23;(156). doi: 10.3791/60572.

9) Gohlsch K, Mückter H, Steinritz D, Aufderheide M, Hoffmann S, Gudermann T, Breit A. Exposure of 19 substances to lung A549 cells at the air liquid interface or under submerged conditions reveals high correlation between cytotoxicity in vitro and CLP classifications for acute lung toxicity. Toxicol Lett. 2019 Nov;316:119-126. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.09.014. Epub 2019 Sep 17.

10) Tsoutsoulopoulos A, Gohlsch K, Möhle N, Breit A, Hoffmann S, Krischenowski O, Mückter H, Gudermann T, Thiermann H, Aufderheide M, Steinritz D. Validation of the CULTEX® Radial Flow System for the assessment of the acute inhalation toxicity of airborne particles. Toxicol In Vitro. 2019 Aug;58:245-255. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.03.020. Epub 2019 Mar 16.

11) Mittermeier L, Demirkhanyan L, Stadlbauer B, Breit A, Recordati C, Hilgendorff A, Matsushita M, Braun A, Simmons DG, Zakharian E, Gudermann T, Chubanov V.TRPM7 is the central gatekeeper of intestinal mineral absorption essential for postnatal survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019 Mar 5;116(10):4706-4715. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1810633116. Epub 2019 Feb 15.

12) Breit A, Miek L, Schredelseker J, Geibel M, Merrow M, Gudermann T.Insulin-like growth factor-1 acts as a zeitgeber on hypothalamic circadian clock gene expression via glycogen synthase kinase-3β signaling.J Biol Chem. 2018 Nov 2;293(44):17278-17290. doi: 10.1074/jbc.RA118.004429. Epub 2018 Sep 14.

13) Schweitzer MK, Wilting F, Sedej S, Dreizehnter L, Dupper NJ, Tian Q, Moretti A, My I, Kwon O, Priori SG, Laugwitz KL, Storch U, Lipp P, Breit A, Mederos Y Schnitzler M, Gudermann T, Schredelseker J. Suppression of Arrhythmia by Enhancing Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uptake in Catecholaminergic Ventricular Tachycardia Models.
JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2017 Dec;2(6):737-747. doi: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2017.06.008. Epub 2017 Nov 8.

14) Glas E, Mückter H, Gudermann T, Breit A. Exchange factors directly activated by cAMP mediate melanocortin 4 receptor-induced gene expression. Sci Rep. 2016 Sep 9;6:32776. doi: 10.1038/srep32776.

15) Lauffer L, Glas E, Gudermann T, Breit A. Endogenous 5-HT2C Receptors Phosphorylate the cAMP Response Element Binding Protein via Protein Kinase C-Promoted Activation of Extracellular-Regulated Kinases-1/2 in Hypothalamic mHypoA-2/10 Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2016 Jul;358(1):39-49. doi: 10.1124/jpet.116.232397. Epub 2016 Apr 26.

16) Breit A, Wicht K, Boekhoff I, Glas E, Lauffer L, Mückter H, Gudermann T.
Glucose Enhances Basal or Melanocortin-Induced cAMP-Response Element Activity in Hypothalamic Cells. Mol Endocrinol. 2016 Jul;30(7):748-62. doi: 10.1210/me.2016-1001. Epub 2016 May 4.

17) The IP3 R Binding Protein Released With Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Is Expressed in Rodent Reproductive Tissue and Spermatozoa. Borth H, Weber N, Meyer D, Wartenberg A, Arlt E, Zierler S, Breit A, Wennemuth G, Gudermann T, Boekhoff I. J Cell Physiol. 2016 May;231(5):1114-29. doi: 10.1002/jcp.25209. Epub 2015 Nov 16.

18) Breit A, Besik V, Solinski HJ, Muehlich S, Glas E, Yarwood SJ, Gudermann T. Serine-727 Phosphorylation Activates Hypothalamic STAT-3 Independently From Tyrosine-705 Phosphorylation. Mol Endocrinol. 2015 Mar; 29 (3): 445-59.

19) Weber N, Vieweg L, Henze F, Oprisoreanu AM, Solinski HJ, Breit A, Fecher-Trost C, Schalkowsky P, Wilhelm B, Wennemuth G, Schoch S, Gudermann T, Boekhoff I. RIM2α is a molecular scaffold for Zona pellucida-induced acrosome reaction. J Mol Cell Biol. 2014 Oct; 6 (5): 434-7.

20) Solinski HJ, Gudermann T, Breit A. Pharmacology and Signaling of MAS-related G Protein-coupled Receptors Pharmacol Rev. 2014 Jul;66(3):570-597. Review.

21) Rötzer V, Breit A, Waschke J, Spindler V. Adducin is required for desmosomal cohesion in keratinocytes. J Biol Chem. 2014 Apr 9. [Epub ahead of print]

22) Popp T, Steinritz D, Breit A, Deppe J, Egea V, Schmidt A, Gudermann T, Weber C, Ries C Wnt5a/β-catenin signaling drives calcium-induced differentiation of human primary keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 2014 Mar 21. doi: 10.1038/jid.2014.149. [Epub ahead of print]

23) NAADP and the two-pore channel protein 1 participate in the acrosome reaction in mammalian spermatozoa. Arndt L, Castonguay J, Arlt E, Meyer D, Hassan S, Borth H, Zierler S, Wennemuth G, Breit A, Biel M, Wahl-Schott C, Gudermann T, Klugbauer N, Boekhoff I. MolBiol Cell. 2014 Mar;25(6):948-64. doi: 10.1091/mbc.E13-09-0523. Epub 2014 Jan 22.

24) Stein M, Breit A, Fehrentz T, Gudermann T, Trauner D. Optical Control of TRPV1 Channels.AngewChemInt Ed Engl. 2013 Sep 9;52(37):9845-8.

25) Bäck CM, Stohr S, Schäfer EA, Biebermann H, Boekhoff I, Breit A, Gudermann T, Büch TR.TSH induces metallothionein 1 in thyrocytes via Gq/11- and PKC-dependent signaling. J MolEndocrinol. 2013 Jun 4;51(1):79-90. doi: 10.1530/JME-12-0200. Print 2013.

26) Solinski HJ, Petermann F, Rothe K, Boekhoff I, Gudermann T, Breit A.Human Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors-X1 induce chemokine receptor 2 expression in rat dorsal root ganglia neurons and release of chemokine ligand 2 from the human LAD-2 mast cell line. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58756. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058756. Epub 2013 Mar 7.

27) Solinski HJ, Zierler S, Gudermann T, Breit A.Human sensory neuron-specific Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors-X1 sensitize and directly activate transient receptor potential cation channel V1 via distinct signaling pathways. J Biol Chem. 2012 Nov 30;287(49):40956-71. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M112.408617. Epub 2012 Oct 16.

28) Rothe K, Solinski HJ, Boekhoff I, Gudermann T, Breit A.Morphine activates the E twenty six-like transcription factor-1/serum response factor pathway via extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 in F11 cells derived from dorsal root ganglia neurons. J PharmacolExpTher. 2012 Jul;342(1):41-52. doi: 10.1124/jpet.112.192757. Epub 2012 Mar 27.

29) Meyer D, Voigt A, Widmayer P, Borth H, Huebner S, Breit A, Marschall S, de Angelis MH, Boehm U, Meyerhof W, Gudermann T, Boekhoff I.Expression of Tas1 taste receptors in mammalian spermatozoa: functional role of Tas1r1 in regulating basal Ca²⁺ and cAMP concentrations in spermatozoa. PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e32354. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032354. Epub 2012 Feb 29.

30) Damm E, Buech TR, Gudermann T, Breit A.Melanocortin-induced PKA activation inhibits AMPK activity via ERK-1/2 and LKB-1 in hypothalamic GT1-7 cells. MolEndocrinol. 2012 Apr;26(4):643-54. doi: 10.1210/me.2011-1218. Epub 2012 Feb 23.

31) Zitranski N, Borth H, Ackermann F, Meyer D, Vieweg L, Breit A, Gudermann T, Boekhoff I. The "acrosomal synapse": Subcellular organization by lipid rafts and scaffolding proteins exhibits high similarities in neurons and mammalian spermatozoa. CommunIntegr Biol. 2010 Nov;3(6):513-21. doi: 10.4161/cib.3.6.13137. Epub 2010 Nov 1.

32) Breit A, Büch TR, Boekhoff I, Solinski HJ, Damm E, Gudermann T.Alternative G protein coupling and biased agonism: new insights into melanocortin-4 receptor signalling. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2011 Jan 15;331(2):232-40. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.07.007. Epub 2010 Jul 30. Review.

33) Solinski HJ, Boekhoff I, Bouvier M, Gudermann T, Breit A.Sensory neuron-specific MAS-related gene-X1 receptors resist agonist-promoted endocytosis. MolPharmacol. 2010 Aug;78(2):249-59. doi: 10.1124/mol.110.063867. Epub 2010 Apr 27.

34) Büch TR, Heling D, Damm E, Gudermann T, Breit A.Pertussis toxin-sensitive signaling of melanocortin-4 receptors in hypothalamic GT1-7 cells defines agouti-related protein as a biased agonist. J Biol Chem. 2009 Sep 25;284(39):26411-20. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.039339. Epub 2009 Jul 31.

35) Mederos y Schnitzler M, Storch U, Meibers S, Nurwakagari P, Breit A, Essin K, Gollasch M, Gudermann T.Gq-coupled receptors as mechanosensors mediating myogenic vasoconstriction. EMBO J. 2008 Dec 3;27(23):3092-103. doi: 10.1038/emboj.2008.233. Epub 2008 Nov 6.

36) Pontier SM, Percherancier Y, Galandrin S, Breit A, Galés C, Bouvier M.Cholesterol-dependent separation of the beta2-adrenergic receptor from its partners determines signaling efficacy: insight into nanoscale organization of signal transduction. J Biol Chem. 2008 Sep 5;283(36):24659-72. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M800778200. Epub 2008 Jun 19.

37) Büch TR, Biebermann H, Kalwa H, Pinkenburg O, Hager D, Barth H, Aktories K, Breit A, Gudermann T.G13-dependent activation of MAPK by thyrotropin. J Biol Chem. 2008 Jul 18;283(29):20330-41. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M800211200. Epub 2008 Apr 29.

38) Nurwakagari P, Breit A, Hess C, Salman-Livny H, Ben-Menahem D, Gudermann T.A conformational contribution of the luteinizing hormone-receptor ectodomain to receptor activation. J MolEndocrinol. 2007 Feb;38(1-2):259-75.

39) Breit A, Wolff K, Kalwa H, Jarry H, Büch T, Gudermann T. The natural inverse agonist agouti-related protein induces arrestin-mediated endocytosis of melanocortin-3 and -4 receptors. J Biol Chem. 2006 Dec 8;281(49):37447-56. Epub 2006 Oct 14.

40) Breit A, Gagnidze K, Devi LA, Lagacé M, Bouvier M.Simultaneous activation of the delta opioid receptor (deltaOR)/sensory neuron-specific receptor-4 (SNSR-4) hetero-oligomer by the mixed bivalent agonist bovine adrenal medulla peptide 22 activates SNSR-4 but inhibits deltaORsignaling. MolPharmacol. 2006 Aug;70(2):686-96. Epub 2006 May 8.

41) Galés C, Rebois RV, Hogue M, Trieu P, Breit A, Hébert TE, Bouvier M.Real-time monitoring of receptor and G-protein interactions in living cells. Nat Methods. 2005 Mar;2(3):177-84. Epub 2005 Feb 17.

42) Breit A, Lagacé M, Bouvier M.Hetero-oligomerization between beta2- and beta3-adrenergic receptors generates a beta-adrenergic signaling unit with distinct functional properties. J Biol Chem. 2004 Jul 2;279(27):28756-65. Epub 2004 Apr 27.

43) Schroeder C, Breit A, Böning H, Dedio J, Gera L, Stewart J, Müller-Esterl W.Changes in amino-terminal portion of human B2 receptor selectively increase efficacy of synthetic ligand HOE 140 but not of cognate ligand bradykinin. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2003 Jun;284(6):H1924-32. Epub 2003 Feb 6.

44) Terrillon S, Durroux T, Mouillac B, Breit A, Ayoub MA, Taulan M, Jockers R, Barberis C, Bouvier M.Oxytocin and vasopressin V1a and V2 receptors form constitutive homo- and heterodimers during biosynthesis. MolEndocrinol. 2003 Apr;17(4):677-91. Epub 2002 Dec 23.

45) Mercier JF, Salahpour A, Angers S, Breit A, Bouvier M.Quantitative assessment of beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic receptor homo- and heterodimerization by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer.J Biol Chem. 2002 Nov 22;277(47):44925-31. Epub 2002 Sep 19.

46) Lavoie C, Mercier JF, Salahpour A, Umapathy D, Breit A, Villeneuve LR, Zhu WZ, Xiao RP, Lakatta EG, Bouvier M, Hébert TE.Beta 1/beta 2-adrenergic receptor heterodimerization regulates beta 2-adrenergic receptor internalization and ERK signaling efficacy.J Biol Chem. 2002 Sep 20;277(38):35402-10. Epub 2002 Jul 24.

47) Cramer H, Schmenger K, Heinrich K, Horstmeyer A, Böning H, Breit A, Piiper A, Lundstrom K, Müller-Esterl W, Schroeder C.Coupling of endothelin receptors to the ERK/MAP kinase pathway. Roles of palmitoylation and G(alpha)q. Eur J Biochem. 2001 Oct; 268(20):5449-59.

48) Blaukat A, Pizard A, Breit A, Wernstedt C, Alhenc-Gelas F, Muller-Esterl W, Dikic I.Determination of bradykinin B2 receptor in vivo phosphorylation sites and their role in receptor function. J Biol Chem. 2001 Nov 2;276(44):40431-40. Epub 2001 Aug 21.